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The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy, by Adam Tooze
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Review
"One of the most important and original books to be published about the Third Reich in the past twenty years. A tour de force." -Niall Ferguson "Tooze has produced the most striking history of German strategy in the Second World War that we possess. This is an extraordinary achievement, and it places Adam Tooze in a very select company of historians indeed ... Tooze has given us a masterpiece which will be read, and admired; and it will stimulate others for a long time to come." -Nicholas Stargardt, History Today "It is among Adam Tooze's many virtues, in "The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy," that he can write about such matters with authority, explaining the technicalities of bombers and battleships. Hovering over his chronicle are two extraordinary questions: how Germany managed to last as long as it did before the collapse of 1945 and why, under Hitler, it thought it could achieve supremacy at all." -Norman Stone, The Wall Street Journal "Virtually every page of his book contains something new and thought-provoking, making the whole an impressive achievement, in which original research has been combined with critical scrutiny of a vast literature that seems ripe for such a re-examination." -Michael Burleigh, The Sunday Times (London) "A magnificent demonstration of the explanatory power of economic history." -The Times (London) "Masterful . . . Tooze has added his name to the roll call of top-class scholars of Nazism." -Financial Times
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About the Author
Adam Tooze is the author of The Deluge, winner of the Los Angeles Times book prize in history.. He is the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of History at Columbia University. He formerly taught at Yale University, where he was Director of International Security Studies, and at the University of Cambridge. He has worked in executive development with several major corporations and contributed to the National Intelligence Council. He has written and reviewed for Foreign Affairs, the Financial Times, The Guardian, the Sunday Telegraph, The Wall Street Journal, Die Zeit, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Tageszeitung and Spiegel Magazine, New Left Review, and the London Review of Books.
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Product details
Paperback: 848 pages
Publisher: Penguin Books; Reprint edition (February 26, 2008)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0143113208
ISBN-13: 978-0143113201
Product Dimensions:
5.5 x 1.8 x 8.3 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.7 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.7 out of 5 stars
112 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#33,470 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
By now, nearly a decade after it first appeared, Adam Tooze’s The Wages of Destruction (2006), is considered a classic by many and one cannot address the subject of the Third Reich’s wartime economy without reference to his book. This book is an economist’s interpretation of why the Third Reich failed to achieve its objectives and offers many unique perspectives. Overall, The Wages of Destruction is a landmark work and a very good piece of historical work. However as a military historian, the book appears to only scratch the surface in places and lacks the detail to fully explain Germany’s wartime economy. Essentially, the book is more focused on economic indicators and input variables (e.g. labor, raw materials) than either R&D or output. Furthermore, I found the author to be unduly pessimistic; reading the book, I had the impression that Germany’s economy was extremely weak and near collapse even in the 1930s. Based upon the Third Reich’s wartime output, this seems counter-intuitive. The amount of blood, sweat and high explosive that the Allies had to expend to cripple German industry was prodigious, so I appreciate Prof. Tooze’s analysis, but the numbers seem to fall short of explaining the results. That being said, Prof. Tooze’s book does explain a great deal and should be regarded as the starting point for more in-depth research in how to cripple the economy of aggressive dictators (I think that may come in handy). The Wages of Destruction is divided into 20 chapters and has 22 supporting tables and 22 additional figures. The first section covers the German economic recovery after Hitler came to power; Hitler wanted to spend 5—10 percent of Germany’s GDP on rearmament, but the economy was wobbly. Tooze makes interesting points in these opening chapters about how Hitler, Goring and friends coerced German businesses to adapt to their rearmament priorities, including forcing the coal industry to capitalize synthetic fuel production in 1934 and the nationalization of aviation companies like Junkers. Indeed, the ramp-up of aircraft production in Germany from 1934 to 1939 was phenomenal, but also expensive and wasteful. The author’s discussion of the Volkswagen program as a disastrous flop – but which was touted by Hitler as a great success – was also very illuminating about how the Third Reich ran industrial programs. The book’s second part covers the period 1936-1940. Tooze focuses on three levers that inhibited German rearmament in the lead-up to war: the scarcity of foreign currency (which made it difficult to purchase raw materials overseas), the shortage of critical raw materials such as copper and rubber, and the persistent shortage of skilled labor. These are all good points, but Tooze does not always provide the supporting data to fully evaluate these issues. For example, he mentions copper several times as a key material, but fails to provide data on imports or sources. Thus, I could not figure out how badly Germany was short of copper or how this reduced armaments production. A number of the tables that are provided are not well explained and lack x- and y-labels, which makes it hard to understand a graph with ambiguous number values. Another interesting point that Tooze makes is the Nazi failure to invest in railroad development, which led to persistent transport issues during the war as demand greatly exceeded supply. However, Tooze also has a tendency to offer opinions as fact, such as his claim that, “the task [to dominate the British Isles] was simply beyond Germany’s industrial resources.†While the Luftwaffe clearly made operational and tactical mistakes in the Battle of Britain, the idea that Germany industry could not compete with Britain manno I manno is a bit absurd. Britain was on the winning team because it had the US and USSR as allies, not because of its innate industrial superiority over the Reich. Had Hitler delayed Barbarossa a year and focused on defeating England, the British would have been in real trouble in mid-1941. Another opinion is that Allied Lend Lease “did not begin to affect the balance on the Eastern Front until 1943,†which is highly contentious and offered without supporting evidence. The third and final section covers 1941-1945. This section is the best in the book and has interesting details about how all the weaknesses in Germany’s economy undermined industrial performance. There is some discussion of specific programs, such as tanks and U-Boats, but the evidence presented is less than conclusive. For example, Tooze does not examine German assembly line practices, which were not very efficient, or the tendency to “over-design†weapons until they were too complex to mass produce. One chapter is focused on Albert Speer and the alleged “miracle†of production in 1943-44, which Tooze dismisses as mostly propaganda. Overall, Tooze’s thesis is that Germany’s economy was not ready to wage a global war and was badly mis-managed, which e does a fairly good job of supporting, even though specifics are sometimes insufficient. The fact that Germany was badly out-produced even by the Soviet Union appears ipso facto to support Tooze’s conclusions. However what Tooze fails to do is to show why – if the Third Reich’s economy was such a mess – that it took its enemies so long to defeat it. Somewhere in here, there is an economist’s over-estimation of the economic levers and an under-estimation of the human factors, which the Third Reich actually did an exceedingly good job of organizing.
I am a reader of history, in particular 20th century history. I have read extensively on WWII over the past 40 years and thought I had established a solid understanding of the factors that led to the start of the war. This book changed everything. I had never encountered such a clear and convincing examination of the economic factors that were at work inside of Germany. Hitler wanted a European war, that is clear from Mein Kampf. But once he took control of the chancellorship in 1933 and set about his armaments program he all but sealed his own fate: he was in a race to either start the war or see Germany go bankrupt. Tooze does an excellent job of showing how the German economy, directly impacted by the Nazi regime, could not sustain the military build up forever. There would come a day in which inflation would bring the whole thing tumbling down. That is an amazing angle to understanding the dynamics of the interwar years. There are more insights that I gleaned but I won't list them here. Suffice to say I just loved this book.
I came to this book after reading "The Deluge," Tooze's analysis of the inter-war years; "The Wages of Destruction" is as good as "The Deluge." ("The Deluge" is a prequel to "The Wages of Destruction," but reading "The Deluge" isn't necessary before reading "The Wages of Destruction.") The April 2007 reviews by Tom Munro and Philip Sim and the May 2015 review by David Hart are spot on, and I have nothing to add in that regard. Some observations, however, about reading the book: first, many of Tooze's conclusions run counter to the standard narrative of the war; to fully appreciate Tooze's analysis, you need to know quite a bit about the war in general. Second, the book dragged a bit for me as Tooze discussed the late 1930s; keep reading, however, and your patience will be rewarded when Tooze delves into the war years. Third, the book seems to be huge, but in the Kindle edition at least, the text is only 2/3 of the entire book, the tables and endnotes taking up the final third. Fourth, the text is mercifully free of jargon. If you have any interest in European history from 1919 to 1945, you need to read this book.
This book answers a number of questions rather convincingly-- why did Hitler go to war when he did and why invade Russia when he did. It shows that that going to war was not an accident, but a plan, and not one that could be easily changed as late as 1939, In the early 30's, the interplay of reparations and foreign tariff policies created a delimma for Germany that made survival of the Weimer Republic difficult. Altogether, a book that taught me more on the causes and course of WWII, a subject I've read about all my life, than almost any other in the past decade. Long, but worth it.
It's deep, puts my head in a spin sometimes trying to keep up and inhale it all, but I can hardly put it down. Like all great history, it should be required reading for current and future leaders - they might actually learn something if they weren't so indoctrinated in their thinking.
This is a remarkable work of original scholarship, explaining (with ample statistics) Nazi economic and war production decisions, and their consequences, from the start to the end of the Nazi regime. It discusses in detail the economic and financial processes by which the Nazis took German economy from post-Weimar chaos to a powerful war economy--itself a fascinating story-- and the effects of these economic policies on the standard of living of the German people. Most of us have, at one time or another, been regaled with arguments that, if Hitler had not made this or that military decision, Germany might have prevailed in WWII. This book convincingly demonstrates that, although Germany initially achieved some cheap victories in the face of minimal opposition, Germany could not win the war once it faced determined opposition, because Germany lacked the economic wherewithal to conduct a protracted war against the US, Britain and the USSR.
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